Views: 1 Author: Chen Yan, Jiang Xingyue, Liu Qiuyan, Jing Lin, Xie Xiaofang, Peng Cheng. Publish Time: 2023-01-31 Origin: Research on the food and medicine value of Matsutake and the status quo of product development [J/OL]. Food and fermentation industry.
Matsutake is widely distributed in the world. There are reports related to matsutake from Africa, Europe, Oceania, Asia and North America. It is mainly distributed in China, Japan, South Korea and other Asian countries. Matsutake is a very precious edible and medicinal fungus, which is delicious and nutritious.
Matsutake is rich in polysaccharides, proteins, peptides, matsutake alcohol and other components, which have a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-tumor, anti-virus, anti-diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, anti-oxidation, liver protection, anti-aging, anti-radiation, anti-mutation, antibacterial , promote gastrointestinal motility and activate the immune system.
Chemical Constituents of Matsutake
Matsutake is an extremely rare and precious edible fungus. It is known as the "king of mushrooms" and is also the first of the four famous fungi such as Ganoderma lucidum. Matsutake is rich in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, volatile aroma components, vitamins and minerals, and also contains many active ingredients such as matsutake alcohol, matsutake polysaccharide, matsutake polypeptide, and isomatsutake alcohol.
Sugars: matsutake polysaccharide (TMP) is the main active ingredient of matsutake, mostly glucan. Matsutake polysaccharides are composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose, among which glucose and galactose are the main constituents of matsutake polysaccharides. Its glucan has two isomers: α-glucan plays an important role in energy storage, preventing blood coagulation, anti-AIDS, and lowering blood lipids; β-glucan is one of the main structural units of cells and tissues. Anticancer effect. Matsutake contains monosaccharide mannitol, which has tissue dehydration and diuretic effects.
Amino acids and peptides: 17 kinds of amino acids were detected in matsutake, of which 7 kinds of essential amino acids accounted for 29.2%~31.7% of the total amino acids. Among them, glutamic acid is the most important amino acid, and the first limiting amino acid is methionine.
Volatile fragrance components: Whether the fragrance of matsutake is rich and lasting is one of the important signs of the quality of matsutake, and it is also a reflection of its value. Studies have shown that matsutake fruiting bodies contain more than 60 volatile aroma components, such as octanolene, methyl cinnamate, and octanone. These volatile aroma components not only make matsutake have a unique flavor, but also increase the biological activity of matsutake.
There were significant differences in the volatile substances in different parts of matsutake, between raw and cooked matsutake, and between fresh and dried matsutake. There were more dimers of volatile compounds in the stipe than in the cap. Raw matsutake mainly contains phenylpropanol, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, dimethyl sulfone, (2,3)-dihydrofuranone, etc.; relatively cooked matsutake mainly contains benzyl alcohol and methyl benzoate , 2,4-dimethylfuran dihydrogen acid, 1-octen-3-ol, etc. The composition of volatile substances in fresh matsutake and dried matsutake was also different. The volatile compounds of fresh matsutake included 8 kinds of esters, 6 kinds of alcohols, 6 kinds of aldehydes and ketones, 5 kinds of alkanes and 4 kinds of alkenes. Dried matsutake contains 33 kinds of volatile compounds, including 14 kinds of aldehydes and ketones, 6 kinds of alcohols, 6 kinds of esters, 6 kinds of alkanes, and 1 kind of furanone. In addition, matsutake from different origins also showed great differences in volatile substances.
Vitamins and minerals: matsutake is also rich in vitamins, such as vitamin B1, B2, vitamin C, vitamin PP and so on. The contents of six inorganic trace elements K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mg per 100 g of matsutake were 2352.87, 41.56, 36.90, 14.35, 8.72, and 8.31 mg, respectively. Analyzing the mineral content of matsutake in Dechang, Daofu and Maerkang, the most abundant mineral in matsutake fruiting bodies is potassium, followed by iron, and the content of calcium, iron and manganese in Maerkang matsutake is the highest, but the content of cadmium is low.
Lipids: The fat content of matsutake is low, and the crude fat content is 5.04%. Oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid in matsutake are the main fatty acids, and the content of other fatty acids is very small. Six main fatty acids were detected in the fat of matsutake, among which unsaturated fatty acid is much higher than saturated fatty acid, the content is 85.3%, mainly oleic acid and linoleic acid, the relative content is 57.6% and 26.7% respectively.
Pharmacological effects of matsutake
Anti-radiation and immune regulation: as one of the main active ingredients of matsutake, matsutake polysaccharide has the effect of anti-radiation and improving immunity. Wang Hongfang et al. administered matsutake polysaccharide to mice before irradiation, and the comparison results showed that the radiation damage of mice was reduced, indicating that matsutake polysaccharide can increase the ability of immune cells to resist radiation and promote the repair of damage caused by ionizing radiation; at the same time, it can scavenge free radicals , to prevent cell mutation.
Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) is considered a central transcriptional mediator regulating the production and amplification of inflammatory cytokines. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) induces immunosuppression in mice, suppresses levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgA and levels of interleukin (IL)-2, 6, 10, 12, and interferon (IFN) α and IFN γ, and reduces serum And spleen NF-κB activity, increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) level. After matsutake treatment, the body weight of the mice increased significantly, the organ index increased, the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells and the proliferation of lymphocytes were positively regulated, and the immunity induced by CTX was improved by regulating ILs and inflammatory factors related to NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition.
Macrophages are heterogeneous immune cells in the collective. Macrophages can initiate inflammatory responses, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, and maintain inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide is an endotoxin that can stimulate macrophages to produce an inflammatory response.
Whitening skin care, anti-photoaging effect: matsutake extract can effectively inhibit the activity of intracellular tyrosinase to reduce the production of melanin, and has a clear whitening effect. Matsutake polyphenols (TME) can inhibit skin thickening, wrinkles and erythema caused by ultraviolet B (UVB), and increase skin collagen content. TME contains a variety of polyphenols and several phenolic acids, including dihydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid, among which polyphenolic compounds are mainly protocatechuic acid and 3-hydroxyflavone. UVB irradiation decreased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT, decreased the area density of type1 and type3 collagen fibers, increased the generation of ROS, and increased the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-9. TME treatment can improve these conditions, and can reduce the levels of IL-1, IL-6, interleukin-8 (IL-8) and TNF-α in mice, attenuate p38MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation levels, and inhibit skin COX -2 expression.
Antidiabetic and antihypertensive effects: matsutake polysaccharide has good hypoglycemic activity and has great potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. When matsutake polysaccharides were used to treat insulin-resistant human hepatoma cell line (IR-HepG2), glucose consumption was increased, glycogen synthesis, and activities of pyruvate kinase (PK) and hexokinase (HK) were significantly improved. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase break down dietary carbohydrates in the small intestine to produce monosaccharides and/or disaccharides. The inhibitory effect of matsutake polysaccharides on α-amylase was non-competitive and in a dose-dependent manner; matsutake polysaccharides had mixed inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase in a dose-dependent manner. Insulin resistance (IR) will lead to a decrease in HK and PK levels, matsutake polysaccharides can restore HK and PK levels, and promote glucose metabolism.
Hypertension can cause various diseases such as stroke and hemangioma, and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. GENG et al. prepared a matsutake water extract that exhibited antihypertensive effects on the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and purified an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from it, which was tested by LC- MS/MS identified its amino acid sequence as WALKGYK, and the ACE inhibitory peptide is a non-competitive inhibitor of ACE. The ACE inhibitory peptide (25 mg·kg-1) treatment can significantly reduce the systolic blood pressure of SHRs, and can scavenge diphenylpicrylphenylhydrazine free radical (DPPH).
Regulating gastrointestinal function: matsutake contains 29.10% crude fiber and is rich in dietary fiber, which can effectively help gastrointestinal motility, promote food digestion and absorption, and prevent constipation. Gut barrier dysfunction and inflammatory cytokine secretion play a crucial role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Matsutake polypeptides (SDIKHFPF and SDLKHFPF) can effectively alleviate the intestinal inflammation induced by sodium dextran sulfate in mice, inhibit the secretion of inflammatory factors in the colon tissue, improve the barrier function, and thus alleviate colitis. The mechanism is to promote the expression of tight junction (TJ) occlusive zone-1 and occlusivein in the colon, inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines to reduce colonic inflammation to protect the barrier function. Matsutake peptide can inhibit the expression of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and NF-κB and inhibit the phosphorylation of MLC.
Antioxidant effect: matsutake can reduce various oxygen free radicals and prevent oxidative damage by activating the antioxidant pathway linked by AMPK. The ability of matsutake polysaccharides to scavenge superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals is similar to that of tea polyphenols, and its scavenging rate increases with the increase of polysaccharide concentration, and it can also inhibit lipid peroxidation, indicating that matsutake has good antioxidant properties. ability.
Anti-cancer and anti-tumor effects: matsutake polysaccharide (TMP) has anti-tumor activity, and its mechanism of action is to inhibit the growth or apoptosis of tumor cells by activating the body's immune system, thereby achieving anti-cancer and anti-tumor effects. The antitumor effect of TMP depends on MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Matsutake polysaccharide can significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells such as HepG-2 and Hela, and has the effect of inducing apoptosis. It is the main anti-tumor active part of Matsutake. TMP can inhibit the growth of S180 tumor in vivo and promote the apoptosis of cervical cancer L929 cells in vitro. The mechanism is to promote the proliferation of macrophages, promote the release of cytokines and gene expression by affecting the GO/G1 phase, S phase and G2/M phase, and the expression levels of IL-1β, COX-2 and TNF-α in the liver after matsutake polysaccharide treatment Significantly increased.
In addition, matsutake water extract can reduce the viability of liver cancer cells, inhibit the migration of cancer cells and promote their apoptosis, the mechanism is to increase the levels of cleavage poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), Bad and Bax, and reduce the level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression in cells and tumor tissues.
