Views: 3 Author: 菌物健康 Publish Time: 2022-09-05 Origin: [1]王桂林,杨宇,李国辉,等.金针菇多糖生物活性研究进展[J].中国食用菌,2021,40(12):10-13,18. [2]王卫国,张仟伟,李瑞静,等.金针菇多糖的生理功能及其应用研究进展[J].河南工业大学学报（自然科学版）,2016,37(1):120-128. [3]张圣杰,王文亮,石贤权,等.金针菇多糖生物活性及功能性食品开发[J].中国食物与营养,2013,19(10):62-6
Flammulina velutipes, also known as golden mushroom, intellectual mushroom, etc., is a kind of fungus with both medicinal and edible purposes. Our country is rich in resources. In the international market, Flammulina velutipes is the third largest edible mushroom in the world. Flammulina velutipes belong to the fungal phylum, the basidiomycetes, the layer fungi, the agaric, the Oromorphaceae, and the money fungi. It has the reputation of "anti-cancer and intellectual mushroom", which can not only promote the growth and intellectual development of children, but also has a very low fat content. value. Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide is one of the main active components of Flammulina velutipes. It is a polymer composed of more than 10 kinds of monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, rhamnose and fucose linked by glycosides. The chain is β-D-(1→3)-glucan. Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides have various physiological activities such as antibacterial and antivirus, enhancing immunity, lowering cholesterol, relieving fatigue and helping to improve memory.
Extraction of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide
Edible fungus polysaccharide is soluble in water, acid, alkali and salt solution, but insoluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, ether, ketone, etc. Therefore, the extraction of polysaccharide often adopts water extraction and alcohol precipitation, acid-base extraction, enzymatic method and ultrasonic method. , microwave method and supercritical fluid extraction method. At present, there have been many studies on the extraction process of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides. The basic process is as follows: fresh Flammulina velutipes or dried Flammulina velutipes → crushing → hot water extraction (distilled water or dilute lye or dilute acid solution) or enzymatic extraction (single enzymatic or dilute acid solution) Compound enzyme method) or ultrasonic extraction → concentration → ethanol precipitation → protein removal → washing → drying → Flammulina velutipes crude polysaccharide. The methods of protein removal mainly include Savage method, trifluorotrichloroethane method, trichloroacetic acid method, etc. Among them, the Savage method is the most commonly used, that is, chloroform and n-butanol are used to treat the polysaccharide aqueous solution to denature and precipitate the protein components, and then centrifuge. In the above process flow, there are many factors that affect the extraction rate of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide, including temperature, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction times and extraction method.
Bioactivity of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides
1. Immune regulation
The immunomodulatory effect of polysaccharides is multi-targeted, covering almost all aspects of non-specific immunity and specific immune responses. Polysaccharides can promote the secretion of cytokines such as interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factors; activate macrophages , natural killer cells and T, B lymphocytes; promote antibody production, activate the complement system, promote the immune function of red blood cells and enhance the reticuloendothelial system to enhance the immune function of the body. Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide is a kind of immune enhancer, which can enhance the function of T cells, activate lymphocytes and phagocytic cells, promote the production of antibodies, and induce the production of interferon, and inhibit the growth of tumors by restoring and improving the immune function of the whole body.
2. Anti-tumor effect
Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide mainly inhibits the growth of tumor cells, inhibits the nucleic acid and protein synthesis of tumor cells, affects the biochemical metabolism of tumor cells, enhances the body's immunity, interferes with the mitosis of tumor cells, and inhibits the mitosis of tumor cells. It has anti-tumor effects by means of heterozygous enzyme activity and inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
3. Improve memory function
Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide can reduce the number of mistakes in experimental mice, shorten the latency period, and improve the learning and memory ability of mice with memory impairment. The function of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide in improving memory was studied by using Y-maze and platform jumping test, and it was found that Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide could significantly enhance the learning ability of mice, promote the consolidation and strengthening of learning and memory in mice, and showed a significant effect of improving memory.
4. Moisturizing beauty effect
The ability of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide to prevent water loss in the stratum corneum of the skin is better than that of glycerin. In vitro moisturizing performance test results show that the moisturizing rate of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide is 1.78%, which has a certain moisturizing effect. In a certain period of time, under the condition of 40%-60% humidity, the moisturizing effect of 1% Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide is better than that of 5% glycerin.
5. Antioxidant effect
Antioxidants and free radical scavengers can work well in blocking oxidative damage from free radicals. According to research, most edible fungus polysaccharides can scavenge free radicals and improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The biofilm can be well protected and can also delay the aging of the body. Flammulina velutipes is a commonly used edible fungus, and its polysaccharides have also been used for research on antioxidant effects. The ability of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide to scavenge hydroxyl radicals was measured by Li Shoumian et al. by the crystal violet method. The results show that the 1% mass concentration of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide solution has the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals of 5.10%.
