Views: 1 Author: Wang Yan, Zhai Feihong, Zhao Xiaodong, Zhao Wenjing Publish Time: 2023-07-12 Origin: Research progress on the functional activity of Morchella, 2023 Journal of Taiyuan Normal University (Natural Science Edition).
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. is a fungus of the Morchella family and the genus Morchella. The cap is nearly spherical, oval to elliptical, up to 10 cm high, with a blunt top and pits on the surface. Pit eggshell color to light yellowish brown, ribbed color is lighter, stalk is nearly cylindrical, nearly white, hollow, cylindrical, spores are oblong, colorless, the top of the lateral filaments is enlarged, light in body, and crisp in quality.
Modern medical research shows that Morchella has significant anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-allergic, anti-fatigue, immune regulation and liver protection effects. research report. These medicinal values are mainly attributed to the active ingredients such as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, amino acids, fatty acids, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, and are related to their strong antioxidant activity.
Morchella polysaccharide is one of the important active ingredients in Morchella, and many functional activities of Morchella are closely related to it. Morchella polysaccharides are rich in types, and their composition and structure are related to the species of Morchella. Dong Yuhan et al. used enzymatic method to extract the polysaccharide EnMPS in Morchella fruiting bodies, and analyzed its polysaccharide composition by gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that EnMPS was composed of rhamnose, xylose, mannitol, glucose and galactose. The mass fractions are 4.90%, 16.82%, 16.40%, 54.42% and 74.5%, respectively, and the molar ratio is 1:3.76:3.05:10.13:1.39. CUI et al. extracted the water-soluble polysaccharide MEP from the fermentation broth of Morchella mycelium, and purified it to obtain two components: MEP-I and MEP-II. Its structure was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the spectra of MEP-I and MEP-II were similar, both containing aldehyde acid, β-glucosidic bonds and pyran structures, and finally concluded that MEP-I and MEP-II were β-type heteropolysaccharides with pyran groups; Wang Zhenzhen and others extracted the polysaccharide MSP of Morchella sporocarpus by water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and used gel chromatography-differential-multi-angle laser scattering, high-efficiency anion-exchange chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze the polysaccharide MSP. The structure was analyzed. The analysis shows that the polysaccharide is mainly composed of two components with molecular weights of 4.655×106 Da and 6.571×104 Da, and its monosaccharide composition is glucose, mannitol and galactose, and the molar percentages are 71.60%, 23.70% and 4.70%, respectively. %. Yang Hu et al. extracted polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of wild Morchella spp. in Yunnan, and analyzed its composition, showing that in addition to the three monosaccharides composed of glucose, mannitol and galactose, it also contained arabinose and xylose. The above results showed that the composition of polysaccharides of different species of Morchella was quite different. The main functions of morel polysaccharides are summarized and analyzed below.
1.Antioxidant activity
The experimental results of FU et al. showed that the exopolysaccharide MEEP of Morchella sporocarp had antioxidant activity. The results of in vitro antioxidant analysis of MEEP showed that it had strong hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, followed by DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing ability. The results of in vivo antioxidant experiments showed that MEEP could significantly improve D-galactose-induced aging mice liver, and significantly increase superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidation in mouse blood. GSH-Px activity, and significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma and liver, indicating that MEEP can be repaired by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the D-galactose aging mouse model Oxidative damage. LI et al studied the effect of morel fruiting body polysaccharide FMP-1 on H2O2-induced oxidative damage of human alveolar epithelial cells A549. Studies have found that FMP-1 can inhibit the release of H2O2-induced apoptosis-related factors such as cytochrome C and Caspase-3, and has the effect of protecting alveolar epithelial cells from H2O2 oxidative damage. At the same time, it can reduce the level of MDA, enhance the expression of SOD, improve the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), clear the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by oxidative damage, and prevent cell apoptosis. Further research on its molecular mechanism found that FMP-1 treatment significantly improved the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) in a dose-dependent manner, enhanced the phosphorylation and accumulation of Nrf2 in the nuclear region, and activated the downstream HO- 1 egg white. This shows that FMP-1 reduces cellular oxidative stress through the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, thereby protecting A549 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage.
2.Anti-inflammatory
LI et al. studied the anti-inflammatory effect of morel polysaccharide FMP-1 and its derivatives SFMP-1 and CFMP-1 on PM2.5-induced rat alveolar macrophage NR8383. The study found that in PM2.5-treated NR8383 cells, FMP-1 reduced the ROS production level of NR8383 cells, and reduced PM2.5-induced apoptosis and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β ( IL-1β) and other cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased cell survival. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a classical dimeric transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. In resting cells, NF-κB exists as a dimer and binds to its inhibitory protein IκBα in the cytoplasm. After being induced by PM2.5, the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB was significantly enhanced, the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated, IκBα was phosphorylated, the dimer was degraded, NF-κB was released and migrated into the nucleus, and DNA binds and activates the transcription of many pro-inflammatory genes; and downregulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in cells after PM2.5 treatment at the mRNA and protein levels. While SFMP-1 can dose-dependently reduce the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB, the inhibitor of NF-κB PDTC can also eliminate PM2.5-mediated expression of iNOS and COX-2. These results demonstrate that SFMP-1 can protect NR8383 cells from PM2.5-induced inflammatory response by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway.
3.Anti-tumor
The research results of HU et al. showed that the polysaccharide MEP-II of Morchella mycelium fermentation broth can inhibit the proliferation of human liver cancer cell HepG2 by inducing apoptosis. When HepG2 cells were treated with 150-600 μg/mL MEP-II, typical apoptosis characteristics such as externalization of phosphatidylserine residues on the cell surface, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and cytoplasmic shrinkage could be observed. In addition, ROS overproduction and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse were also observed in HepG2 cells. ROS contains superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, and is the signal molecule of many normal physiological reactions. However, the excessive production of ROS can lead to apoptosis, and it is an important mediator in the apoptosis signaling pathway. Mitochondrial rupture is mainly due to the loss of mitochondrial permeability induced by excess ROS. When mitochondria are damaged, more ROS and cytochrome will be released, thereby triggering apoptosis. These results suggest that MEP-II induces apoptosis of HepG2 cells through ROS generation and is a potential antitumor drug.
LIU et al. studied the antiproliferative activity and antitumor activity of the morel mycelium polysaccharide MEP extracted by pulsed electric field submerged fermentation on human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Apoptosis experiments showed that the apoptosis rate increased in a concentration-dependent manner after MEP treatment for 48 hours, and the apoptosis rate increased significantly from 12.88% to 22.64% at 24-48 hours (P<0.01).
Chen Yan and others studied the anti-tumor effect of Morchella exopolysaccharide EPM on S180 tumor-bearing mice. In vitro experiments found that EPM can directly kill sarcoma S180 cells, and the highest inhibition rate was 46.3%; in vivo experiments showed that EPM can significantly improve the spleen index, T-lymphocyte ratio and macrophage phagocytosis rate of tumor-bearing mice; intragastric administration The consistent rates of 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of EPM on sarcoma S180 cells were 49.04% and 64.42%, respectively, and the survival time of tumor-bearing mice was significantly prolonged. The above results indicate that EPM has a significant anti-tumor effect.
4.Anti-fatigue
Cao Liang et al. administered morel polysaccharides to fatigued mice after exercise. The research results showed that the weight-bearing swimming and hypoxia tolerance time of the mice after intragastric administration were significantly prolonged, compared with (13.25±3.05) of the control group. min, increased to (53.52±3.02) min in the high-dose group, the serum urea nitrogen content and blood lactic acid content were significantly reduced, and the liver glycogen content was significantly increased, indicating that morel polysaccharides can significantly enhance the exercise ability and resistance of mice. Fatigue ability.
Duan Weihe et al. studied the anti-fatigue effects of intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides of Morchella, and found that after emergency intake of these two polysaccharides, the weight-bearing swimming time of mice was significantly prolonged, and the weight-bearing swimming of mice with 14.00mg/mL exopolysaccharide The increase of time was 126.90%, and the increase of intracellular polysaccharide was 70.10%. The results of this study prove that morel polysaccharides have obvious emergency anti-fatigue effects.
5. Antibacterial and immune regulation
Long Zhenghai et al. used the improved drug-based method and disc diffusion method (K-B method) to conduct in vitro antibacterial experiments on the polysaccharides of Morchella sporocarp, mycelium intracellular polysaccharides, and extracellular polysaccharides. The experimental results showed that the three morel polysaccharides had strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and actinomycetes, and the range of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was lower than 1.0mg/mL, but for The antibacterial effect of yeast and mold was not significant, indicating that morel polysaccharides had obvious antibacterial and actinomycetal activity.
SU et al. used an in vitro model to study the immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharide MCP from the fermentation broth of Morchella apexus. The results showed that MCP can significantly regulate the production of NO in macrophages, and it is dose-dependent at 50-200 μg/mL, and in At a lower concentration of 50 μg/mL, MCP can significantly promote the proliferation of lymphocytes, indicating that MCP has certain immunoregulatory activity.
CUI et al. studied the immunomodulatory activity of the water-soluble polysaccharide MEP in the fermentation broth of Morchella fungus, and found that the relative weights of the thymus and spleen of mice in the MEP group increased, and peritoneal macrophages could selectively activate T cells and purify lymphocytes under the stimulation of polysaccharide MEP. cells, significantly stimulated splenocyte proliferation, and increased NO levels in a dose-dependent manner. It shows that MEP polysaccharide has immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory activities, and restores the immune function of mice.
